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The most basic language used to write programs for CNC machines is called G-code. It is made up of individual lines of code that are arranged in groups called blocks. Each block is responsible for controlling a single CNC machining operation, such as a chopping operation using a particular tool. The letter N and a number are written at the beginning of each line within a block.
G code is the primary language used in CNC’c, as has been stated previously. It is not a genuine programming language in the sense that is used in the field of computer science. There are variables in the code, but not in the way that a computer scientist would expect them to be there. Offsets for the tools are the primary focus of these discussions. However, this is only applicable to the vast majority of machines. A significant number of the more recent HAAS machines ship with this conversational component as standard for performing fundamental programming at the machine. However, G code is still used internally by the machine, both from CAM packages and at the controller.
The code only has the most fundamental level of standardization. It is not at all like Python, C++, HTML, or any of the other languages used in computer science.
G-code has been generated through the use of CAM, which stands for computer-aided manufacturing, ever since computers have shrunk in size, become easier to use, and become more widely available. Your 3D CAD model, tool selections, and possibly other information are all taken into consideration by a CAM program as its inputs. The tool paths are then optimized, and G-code is generated to communicate with the CNC machine and tell it what to do. It is possible to write G-code programs by hand (I did a short one when I was in graduate school!), but for complex machining operations that require tens of thousands of lines of code, you probably don’t want to do that unless you are a perfectionist masochist. Writing G-code programs by hand is possible, but it’s probably not something you want to do.
You can still add comments to the lines of code, which can be helpful in identifying the operation for yourself even if you aren’t manually writing the blocks of code. If you have a lengthy program, this won’t necessarily be practical for you to do, but including this information at the beginning of each program can be a helpful addition for tracking the project or version. Simply use parentheses whenever you want to insert a comment in the middle of a line between two commands.
CNC Machine G-Code List
G00 – Rapid positioningG01 – Linear interpolation
G02 – Circular interpolation clockwise
G03 – Circular interpolation counterclockwise
G04 – Dwell
G05 – High-precision contour control
G06 – Parabolic interpolation
G08 – Feed acceleration
G09 – Feed deceleration
G10 – Programmable data input
G17 – XY plane selection
G18 – ZX plane selection
G19 – YZ plane selection
G20 – Programming in inches
G21 – Programming in millimeters
G22 – Radius dimension programming method
G220 – Use on the system operation interface
G23 – Diameter size programming method
G28 – Return home
G30 – Magnification cancellation
G31- Definition of magnification
G34 – Increased pitch thread cutting
G35 – Reduced pitch thread cutting
G40 – Cutter compensation cancel
G41- Cutter compensation left
G42 – Cutter compensation right
G43 – Tool length compensation + direction
G44 – Tool length compensation – direction
G45 – Axis offset single increase
G46 – Axis offset single decrease
G47 – Axis offset double increase
G54 – Workpiece coordinate system 1 selection
G55 – Workpiece coordinate system 2 selection
G56 – Workpiece coordinate system 3 selection
G57 – Workpiece coordinate system 4 selection
G58 – Workpiece coordinate system 5 selection
G59 – Workpiece coordinate system 6 selection
G74- Back to reference point
G75 – Return to the zero point of programming coordinates
G76 – Threading compound cycle
G80 – Canned cycle cancel
G81- External canned cycle
G331 – Thread canned cycle
G90 – Absolute command
G91 – Absolute command
G96 – Constant line speed control
G97 – Cancel constant line speed control
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